Africa


 * Essential Questions **:

Africa Map Questions Imperialism notes:
 * **How can political change cause conflict**
 * **Political change can cause conflict in a way due to the fact that those who live in the nation that are having their political standpoint being changed don't support what is occurring and would want things to turn back to how they originally were, and a conflict could erupt in order for the political standpoint to be changed to what it originally was.**
 * If the people aren't interested in it, in supporting it, they will tend to try to separate themselves from it.
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * **The development of nationalism can impact people, nations, and empires in a negative way at times due to the fact that there would have to be a joining of countries under one rule, and this could lead to political change which could cause a conflict for the people. Nations could be affected because they would have to make decisions in which would benefit all of the nations, and it must be agreed upon. The empires would be impacted because they might have to alter their way of ruling for their nation due to the beliefs of the other nations.**
 * It can unite them via their culture and lead them together towards preservation of various factors.
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **Political relationships can affect economic relationships in not that much of a way due to the fact that they tend to intertwine. Nations in which a nation has a political relationship with, tend to be the nations in which they have economic relationships with.**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**
 * **Common culture, political standpoint and beliefs in a way**
 * **Knowing that the nation will work in order to benefit all people of various backgrounds**
 * Faith in government
 * Common enemies
 * China was a thriving manufacturing power
 * Europeans found something that Chinese would buy which was Opium
 * China made a threat against Europeans through a letter but it was never sent
 * Britain opened trade with Canton through force
 * Britain became dominating power in China
 * European successfully ended up colonizing nearly all of Africa
 * Europeans wanted to get raw materials which would aid them economically
 * Europeans will killed due to illnesses in staggering numbers in Africa
 * Most fighting was down with swords and not with the use of horses
 * Steamships aided them in trading much more efficient
 * Europeans had more guns than Africans, allowing them to fight off the Africans and colonize Africa
 * European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and deaths
 * End of 19th century, most of Asia and Africa were colonized by Europeans
 * European ruled colonies with intermediary governments
 * Europeans relied on their superior military to sustain rule
 * Colonies were ruled by the people, but would do what the European country would want of them
 * European nations extract value from their colonies
 * What did you learn about Imperialism in Africa? **
 * Slave trade lead to warfare
 * European manufactures wanted ability to obtain raw materials
 * Missionaries opened schools and hospitals within colonies
 * In Congo, conditions were horrible that population in areas decreased drastically
 * Conrad's novel revealed how horrible imperialism was
 * Ethiopia and Liberia were the only places that resisted imperialism

** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** The meaning of this quote in my opinion is that the act of imperialism is similar to a cyclone in that it destroys the people within the areas being colonized due to harsh treatment and conditions, and that all it will end up doing is kill the people who originally lived within the areas that are being colonized. All imperialism does is kill people in its path, like a cyclone would. Also that imperialism attacks nations/countries in other parts of the world. Shows how the military of the nations taking part in imperialism will kill people within their colony. Shows how Europe is sucking the life out of Africa by taking away all of their raw materials.
 * By Karl Liebknecht **

1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? According to the Kipling, the "White Man's Burden" is to aid the nation that was captured by the imperialist nations when it is needed. It was the duty of the "White Man" or civilized nations to aid the uncivilized nations and make them civilized in their point of view and to alter their structure/way of life since the uncivilized nation was seen as inferior. 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? The reward that Kipling suggested the "White Man" gets for carrying his "burden" is blame from the nation that was the captive of imperialist nations, and crying of the people within the imperialist nations. 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? Kipling thought his poem would be read by those of higher power in the US Government like the president, or imperialist government officials. I thought that this audience would have responded to it by reading it, not considering the thoughts made in the poem, and continuing on with their lives. They would agree with what Kipling was discussing. 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? The lines of the poem that I thought was the most interesting was, "Take up the White Man’s Burden, And reap his old reward, The blame of those ye guard, The cry of hosts ye humor," because it is saying how by making this action that those who had taken part in this act would receive a reward, which in actuality it is a reward that most would not want to receive and live with.

What is the message of the "Black Man's Burden"?

The message of this poem was that it was showing how the brown people had to deal with the burden of the imperialist nations who try to take over them through the use of violence in trying to change their way of life.

What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? The lines of the poem that I thought was the most interesting was, "Pile on the Black Man’s Burden, You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem", because it reveals how the imperialist nations are not solving a problem but causing one which leads to a lot of death and destruction, similar to how it was with the communist nations and the Native Americans.

Descriptive words that describe the Berlin Conference:
 * Elaborate
 * Direct
 * Greed
 * Division
 * Ignorant
 * Beneficial
 * Trade
 * Bitter-Sweet
 * Navigation

// " Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference //// of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered //// that has made it possible for evil to triumph." //** Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 **
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * The perspective of the author was that unjustifiable actions were allowed to occur due to the lack of resistance of those affected by it, and those outside of the conflict not trying to stop something wrong from occurring. The events that might have caused the author to think as he does was the overall imperialism in Africa due to the fact that nations like Ethiopia who resisted were able to fought of the European nations unlike others in Africa, while the US notices what is occurring and does nothing, allowing the nations that don't resist to be taken over.
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * The author might be making this statement due to the fact that he is noticing how all of these European nations were able to take over nearly all of Africa, with the nations that were taken over didn't resist as much as the Ethiopians did. He also notices how nations who could prevent this unlawful thing from occurring like the US are just watching while nearly all of Africa has been taken over.
 * How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.
 * This quote relates to imperialism because Haille Selassie is indirectly referring to the imperialism by the European nations in Africa, in that imperialism is an act of evil and the fact that the lack of justice allows for this horrible action to occur and that without resistance, this horrible action will be able to occur.

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** // Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... // // I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. //

// I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. //
 * Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * The author of this piece of evidence is Jules Ferry who is the Prime Minister of France. His viewpoint on imperialism is that it is justifiable if the purpose of that act is to civilize the inferior race or for colonial expansion. It is the duty of the superior race to civilize the inferior race.
 * What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * The justification that he offers to support his viewpoint is that the navy of the superior nation is in need of safe harbors, defenses, and supply centers on the high seas. Also that it is the duty of the superior nations to use their generosity to civilize the inferior nation as if it is a gift.
 * Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?
 * He might be giving the speech to justify the acts of France in imperialism in Africa and to make it seem as if it is their duty to do what they have done.
 * What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?
 * What this speech tells us about life and attitudes of that time were that nations had only cared about themselves and how they could benefit themselves, not caring about the cost of it. The act of imperialism was skeptical to the everyday person and that was why there was a speech made to justify actions made.

//** "The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1892.Artists: Linley Sambourne **//


 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * This political cartoon was published on December 10, 1892 in Punch or the London Charivari in England. The impact that this has on the perspective and bias is that it shows bias due to the fact it is through the perspective of a superior nation, and it makes it appear as if the perspective of the author is one that is greedy due to the fact that England wants to take what is in Africa to benefit themselves.
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * The meaning that the title gives to the illustration is that it is describing how Colossus which represents England and how it is going around Africa and taking over all of it. The author had chosen the word colossus because it reveals how England is huge and superior to Africa. Cape Town and Cairo were used because they are on opposite sides of Africa to show how England will be traveling all over Africa in order to get what they want. Striding is also used to signify their superiority in showing how easy it is for England to travel throughout Africa which is a huge continent.
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * Cecil Rhodes is being depicted in this political cartoon. The objects that I see are Cecil Rhodes on top of Africa, having in his hand a telegraph line that stretches from Cairo to Cape Town. I also see smoke surrounding Cecil Rhodes.
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?
 * The viewpoint of the artist was that the author saw that England is able to and should control Africa through imperialism, and this is supported by Cecil Rhodes connecting two parts of Africa with a telegraph line to show that they are on the same side which is to be ruled by England.

"//**Moshweshewe: Letter to Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//.
 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * The author is Mark Moshweshewe. He did this in order for peace to be established.
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)
 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.

**Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.** So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.


 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?

**Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.** And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice


 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?

**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**. The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.


 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim
 * Why do you think the Africans made such claims?